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cessation of violence

Толкование Перевод

1 cessation of violence

прекращение насилия

Politics english-russian dictionary > cessation of violence
2 violence

n

1) сила; ярость

2) насилие; принуждение; произвол; вооруженное столкновение; ожесточенность

•

to advocate violence — выступать в защиту насилия

to answer violence with violence — отвечать на насилие насилием

to appeal for an end to the violence — призывать / обращаться с призывом положить конец насилию

to attack an enemy with violence — ожесточенно нападать на противника / врага

to be at the heart of ethnic violence — находиться в самом центре межнациональных столкновений

to be involved in a violence — быть замешанным в столкновениях

to blame smb for the continued violence — обвинять кого-л. в продолжении насилия

to combat violence — бороться с насилием

to condone violence — попустительствовать насилию; закрывать глаза на насилие

to contain violence — сдерживать столкновения

to contemplate violence — замышлять насильственные действия

to curb violence — ограничивать насилие; сдерживать волну насилия

to curtail increased violence by extremists — обуздывать распространившиеся акты насилия со стороны экстремистов

to deal with violence — справляться с насилием

to decrease violence — уменьшать насилие

to defuse political violence — разряжать обстановку и уменьшать число вооруженных политических стычек

to die by violence — умирать насильственной смертью

to do violence to smth — грубо нарушать что-л.

to do violence to truth — извращать истину

to end violence — положить конец насилию; прекращать насилие

to engineer the violence — организовывать вспышки насилия

to fan the violence — разжигать насилие

to flee from the violence — бежать от погромов

to foment violence — подстрекать к насилию

to fuel violence — давать толчок насилию

to guard against violence — принимать меры на случай насилия

to halt violence — положить конец насилию; прекращать насилие

to handle smb with violence — применять к кому-л. физическое насилие

to head off any violence — предотвращать любое насилие

to incite violence — подстрекать к насилию

to instigate violence against smb — подстрекать к вооруженным выступлениям против кого-л.

to irradiate violence — искоренять насилие

to lead to further violence — влечь за собой дальнейшее столкновения

to lower the level of violence — сокращать применение насилия

to orchestrate the violence — организовывать вооруженные столкновения

to prevent violence — предотвращать столкновения

to protect from violence — ограждать от насилия

to provoke violence — провоцировать насилие

to provoke a wave of violence — вызывать волну насилия

to quell violence — положить конец насилию; прекращать насилие

to reduce violence — уменьшать число вспышек насилия

to refrain from violence — воздерживаться от насилия

to renounce violence — отказываться от применения насилия

to resort to violence — прибегать к насилию

to smother the propaganda of those advocating violence — препятствовать пропаганде тех, кто выступает за насилие

to spread violence across the country — распространять насилие по всей стране

to stamp out / to stem violence — положить конец насилию; прекращать насилие

to step up violence — обострять напряженность

to stop smb escalating violence — прекращать эскалацию насилия с чьей-л. стороны

to touch off a new wave of ethnic violence — служить толчком к новой волне насилия на этнической / национальной основе

to trigger off the violence — служить поводом к насилию

to use violence — применять силу / меры принуждения

to use violence as political tactics — применять силу в качестве политического средства / как политическое орудие

to use violence to break up a demonstration — разгонять демонстрацию силой

to use violence to extract confessions from prisoners — прибегать к насилию для того, чтобы вырвать признание у арестованных

- a number of people were injured in the violence
- actual violence
- alcohol-related violence
- antigovernment violence
- armed violence
- background for the violence
- cessation of violence
- challenged violence
- communal violence
- continuing wave of violence
- crime-related violence
- curb to violence
- deadlocked violence
- domestic violence
- drugs-related violence
- election-related violence
- electoral violence
- end to violence
- escalation of the violence
- ethnic violence
- explosion of violence
- extremist violence
- factional violence
- gang violence
- gruesome violence
- gun violence
- high level of violence
- incitement to violence
- intercommunal violence
- interethnic violence
- massive violence
- mounting campaign of violence
- mounting political violence
- mounting toll of violence
- naked violence
- nationalist violence
- official violence
- on the brink of violence
- organized violence
- outbreak of violence
- outburst of violence
- paramilitary violence
- personal violence
- police violence
- politically motivated violence
- pre-election violence
- pretext for violence
- public violence
- racial violence
- recourse to violence
- renewal of violence
- renewed violence
- renunciation of violence
- right wing violence
- rising tide of violence
- sectarian violence
- selective violence
- senseless violence
- separatist violence
- several months free of violence
- spate of violence

- spiral of violence
- sporadic violence
- stifle of violence
- street violence
- student violence
- surge in violence
- suspension of violence
- terrorist violence
- the day was marred by violence
- tribal violence
- upsurge of violence
- use of violence for political reasons
- violence against human rights
- violence blighted the nation for so many years
- violence broke out
- violence claimed 30 lives
- violence continues unabated
- violence erupted
- violence escalates
- violence flared in various parts of the country
- violence from the right
- violence goes on unabated
- violence has died down
- violence is growing by the day
- violence is widespread
- violence of invective
- violence rises
- violence subsided
- wave of violence
- week of violence
- widespread violence

Politics english-russian dictionary > violence
3 end

end [end]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

2. transitive verb

3. intransitive verb

4. compounds

5. Phrasal Verbs

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

   a. [of film, chapter, month] fin f

• until the end of time jusqu'à la fin des temps

• it's not the end of the world! (inf) ce n'est pas la fin du monde !

• to get to the end of [+ book, holiday] arriver à la fin de

• we'll never hear the end of it (inf) on n'a pas fini d'en entendre parler

• that's the end of the matter le débat est clos

• there is no end to it all cela n'en finit plus

• so that was the end of that theory! à partir de là, cette théorie a été définitivement enterrée !

• then she found out he had no money, and that was the end of him et quand elle s'est rendue compte qu'il n'avait pas d'argent, ça en a été fini de lui

• to be at an end être terminé

• to bring sth to an end mettre fin à qch

• to come to an end se terminer

   b. ( = cessation) he called for an end to the violence il a lancé un appel pour que cesse la violence

• there is no sign of an end to population growth rien ne semble indiquer que la population va cesser d'augmenter

• to put an end to sth mettre fin à qch

   c. ( = farthest part) bout m

• from end to end d'un bout à l'autre

• end to end bout à bout

• the southern end of the town les quartiers sud de la ville

• to the ends of the earth jusqu'au bout du monde

• to change ends (Sport) changer de côté

• you've opened the packet at the wrong end vous avez ouvert le paquet du mauvais côté

• he's reached the end of the line ( = cannot progress) il est dans une impasse

• there was silence at the other end of the line il y eut un silence à l'autre bout du fil

• he can't see beyond the end of his nose il ne voit pas plus loin que le bout de son nez

• to keep one's end up (inf) bien se défendre

• to make ends meet joindre les deux bouts

• how are things at your end? comment ça va de ton côté ?

• to get one's end away (inf!) s'envoyer en l'air (inf)

• at the other end of the spectrum à l'autre extrême

   d. ( = purpose) but m

• this policy is designed to achieve the same end cette politique poursuit le même but

• with this end in view dans ce but

• those who use violence for political ends ceux qui se servent de la violence à des fins politiques (PROV) the end justifies the means(PROV) la fin justifie les moyens

   e. (set structures)

► at the end of à la fin de

• at the end of the day à la fin de la journée ; ( = ultimately) en fin de compte

• at the end of three weeks au bout de trois semaines

• at the end of December fin décembre

• at the end of the winter à la fin de l'hiver

• at the end of the century à la fin du siècle

• to be at the end of one's patience être à bout de patience► in the end

• it succeeded in the end ça a fini par réussir

• he got used to it in the end il a fini par s'y habituer

• in the end they decided to... ils ont fini par décider de...► no end ( = a lot) (inf)

the decision caused no end of trouble cette décision a causé énormément de problèmes

• the remark annoyed her no end cette remarque l'a profondément agacée

• her behaviour has improved no end son comportement s'est beaucoup amélioré► on end ( = upright) debout

• to stand a box on end mettre une caisse debout

• it makes my hair stand on end! ça me fait dresser les cheveux sur la tête !

• they would talk for hours on end ils parlaient pendant des heures

• for days on end pendant des jours et des jours

2. transitive verb

( = bring to an end) mettre fin à

• to end one's days finir ses jours

• to end it all ( = kill oneself) mettre fin à ses jours

3. intransitive verb

( = come to an end) se terminer

• where's it all going to end? comment tout cela finira-t-il ?

• verb ending in "re" verbe se terminant en « re »

• it ended in a fight ça s'est terminé par une bagarre

• the plan ended in failure le projet s'est soldé par un échec

• the film ends with the heroine dying le film se termine par la mort de l'héroïne

4. compounds

► end product noun produit m fini ; ( = final result) résultat m final

► end result noun résultat m

► end table noun (US) table f basse

► end user noun utilisateur m, - trice f final(e)

5. Phrasal Verbs

► end off separable transitive verb finir

► end up intransitive verb se terminer

• she could have ended up a millionairess elle aurait pu devenir millionnaire

• he ended up in Paris il s'est retrouvé à Paris

• you'll end up in jail tu vas finir en prison

* * *
[end] 1.
noun

1) ( final part) fin f

‘The End’ — (of film, book etc) ‘Fin’

at the end of — à la fin de [year, story]

at the end of May — fin mai

by the end of — à la fin de [year, journey, game]

to put an end to something —

to bring something to an end — mettre fin à quelque chose

to get to the end of — arriver à la fin de [holiday]; arriver au bout de [story, work]

to come to an end — se terminer

in the end I went home — finalement je suis rentré chez moi

in the end —

at the end of the day — ( all things considered) en fin de compte

it's the end of the line ou road for the project — le projet arrive en fin de course

for days on end — pendant des jours et des jours

there is no end to his talent — son talent n'a pas de limites

no end of (colloq) trouble — énormément de problèmes

that really is the end! — (colloq) c'est vraiment le comble! (colloq)

you really are the end! — (colloq) tu exagères!

2) ( extremity) bout m, extrémité f

at the end of —

on the end of — au bout de

at the end of the garden — au fond du jardin

from one end to another — d'un bout à l'autre

from end to end — de bout en bout

to lay something end to end — poser quelque chose bout à bout

the lower end of the street — le bas de la rue

the third from the end — le/la troisième avant la fin

to stand something on (its) end — mettre quelque chose debout

3) (side of conversation, transaction) côté m

things are fine at my ou this end — de mon côté tout va bien

to keep one's end up — tenir bon

there was silence at the other end — c'était le silence au bout du fil

4) (of scale, spectrum) extrémité f

at the lower end of the scale — au plus bas de l'échelle

this suit is from the cheaper ou bottom end of the range — ce costume est un des moins chers de la gamme

5) ( aim) but m

to this ou that end — dans ce but

a means to an end — un moyen d'arriver à ses fins

6) Sport côté m, camp m

to change ends — changer de côté

7) ( scrap) (of rope, string) bout m; (of loaf, joint of meat) reste m

8) ( death) mort f

to meet one's end — trouver la mort

to be nearing one's end — sentir sa fin proche

to come to a bad end — mal finir
2.
noun modifier [ house] du bout; [ carriage] de queue
3.
transitive verb gen mettre fin à; rompre [marriage]

to end something with — terminer quelque chose par

he ended his days in hospital — il a fini ses jours à l'hôpital

to end it all — en finir avec la vie

the sale to end all sales — ce qu'il y a de mieux comme soldes
4.
intransitive verb gen se terminer (in, with par); [contract, agreement] expirer

where will it all end? — comment tout cela finira-t-il?

Phrasal Verbs:

- end up

••

all's well that ends well — tout est bien qui finit bien

English-French dictionary > end
4 Chronology

15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.

400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.

202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.

137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.

410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.

714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.

1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.

1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.

1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.

1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.

1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).

1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.

1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.

1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.

1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.

1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.

1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.

1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.

1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.

1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.

1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.

1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.

1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.

1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.

1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.

1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.

1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.

1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).

1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.

1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.

1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.

1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.

   King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.

   King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.

1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.

1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.

1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.

   Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.

   Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.

   Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.

1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.

1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.

1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.

1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.

1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.

1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.

1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.

1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.

1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.

1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.

1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.

1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.

1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.

1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.

1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.

1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.

1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.

1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.

1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.

1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.

1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.

1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.

1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.

1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.

1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.

   Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.

   King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.

1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of

   Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.

   Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.

   King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.

1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.

1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.

1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.

1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.

1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.

1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.

   January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.

   Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.

1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.

1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.

1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.

1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.

1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.

   May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.

   March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.

   Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.

1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.

1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January

1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.

1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."

   28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.

   February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.

   April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.

1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.

1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."

1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.

   6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.

   8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.

1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.

1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.

1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

   January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.

1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.

1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.

1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.

   March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.

   March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.

1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July

1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.

1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).

1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.

1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.

   January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.

   January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.

   November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.

   October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.

   January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.

   May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.

   October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.

   January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).

   United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.

   January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.

   1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

   May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.

   June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.

   February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.

   January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.

   July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.

2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology
5 act

I n

1. справа, поступок

2. дія, процес

3. акт, закон, постанова, рішення (суду)

4. акт, документ

- arbitrary act одностороння дія

- complex act складне діяння

- composite act складене діяння

- constituent act установчий документ/ акт

- continuing act тривале діяння

- countermeasures in respect to internationally wrongful act заходи у відповідь на міжнародно-протиправне діяння

- deliberate act умисна дія

- diplomatic act дипломатичний акт

- final act заключний акт, заключна угода

- hostile act ворожий акт

- instantaneous act миттєве діяння

- internationally illicit act міжнародно-неправомірна дія

- internationally injurious act міжнародно-протиправна дія

- internationally wrongful act міжнародно-протиправна дія

- legal act юридичний акт

- legislative act законодавчий акт

- legitimate act правомірний акт; правомірна дія

- terrorist act терористичний акт

- unfriendly act недружелюбний акт, недружній крок

- unilateral act односторонній акт, одностороння дія

- unlawful act незаконна дія

- objective element of internationally wrongful act об'єктивний елемент міжнародно-протиправної дії

- subjective element of internationally wrongful act суб'єктивний елемент міжнародно-протиправної дії

- to discontinue the internationally wrongful act припинити міжнародно-протиправне діяння

- temporal aspects of internationally wrongful act часові аспекти міжнародно-протиправної дії

- act of accession акт про приєднання

- act of (armed) aggression акт (збройної) агресії

- act of amnesty акт про амністію

- act in breach of the provisions of the treaty дія в порушення положень договору

- act of capitulation акт капітуляції

- act of commission дія; діяння, що виражається в дії

- act of defense оборонний акт

- act of discrimination акт дискримінації

- act of elements стихійне лихо

- act of force дії, пов'язані із застосуванням сили

- act of God стихійна сила, форс-мажор, стихійне лихо

- act of good will акт доброї волі

- act of hostility ворожі дії

- act of international terrorism акт міжнародного тероризму

- act of lawlessness and arbitrary rule акт беззаконня та сваволі

- act of omission бездіяння; діяння, що виражається у бездіянні

- act of oppression акт насильства

- act of piracy акт піратства

- act of public authority акт органу державної влади

- acts of reprisal by force акти репресалій із застосуванням сили

- act of retaliation акт відплати/ помсти

- act of sabotage акт саботажу

- act of the State (not) extending in time діяння держави, що (не) розповсюджуються у часі

- act of terrorism акт терору

- act of vengeance акт помсти

- act of violence акт насильства

- act of war акт війни

- cessation of internationally wrongful act припинення міжнародно-протиправного діяння

- to amend legislative acts вносити зміни в законодавство

- to block the passage of the act заважати прийняттю закону

- to issue an act видати акт

- to commit an act of coercion застосувати силу для придушення заворушень

- to promulgate an act видати акт

- to repeal an act відміняти закон

- to "undo" the internationally wrongful act ліквідувати наслідки міжнародно-протиправного діяння

- act and deed офіційний документ, зобов'язання

II v

1. діяти, поступати

2. брати участь (у чомусь)

- to act in accordance with smth. діяти згідно чогось

- to act against smbd. діяти проти когось

- to act in concert діяти узгоджено

- to act outside one's competence перевищувати свої повноваження

- to act up to one's principles діяти у відповідності із своїми принципами

- to act promptly діяти швидко

English-Ukrainian diplomatic dictionary > act
6 act

1. n дело; поступок

act of kindness — доброе дело

act of treachery — акт предательства, предательский поступок

conciliatory act — примирительный поступок; акт примирения

lawless act — незаконное действие; незаконный поступок

unconscious act — бессознательный поступок

inconsiderate act — опрометчивый поступок

2. n акт, действие; деяние

criminal act — преступное деяние

unilateral act — односторонний акт, одностороннее действие

act of piracy — акт пиратства

act of delivery — роды

acts of force — действия, связанные с применением силы

particular act — деяние

act overt — явное действие

act of purchase — акт купли

act of commission — действие

control act — акт о контроле

3. n акт; закон; постановление; решение

constituent act — учредительный акт

act of outrage — акт грубого произвола; насилие; оскорбление

act not warranted by law — действие, не основанное на законе

Prices and Incomes act — закон о регулировании цен и доходов

budget and accounting act — закон о государственном бюджете

Federal Reserve Act — Закон о Федеральной резервной системе

4. n юр. дип. акт, документ

act of the law — юридический акт

receiving act — приемный акт

act of despair — акт отчаяния

hostile act — враждебный акт

lisbon act — Лиссабонский акт

final act — заключительный акт

5. n неодобр. сцена

to put on an act — разыграть сцену, устроить спектакль

6. n номер программы

the next act will be a magician — следующий номер программы — фокусник

7. n труппа, группа актёров, исполнителей

principal act — действие исполнителя преступления

8. n унив. диссертация

9. n употр. гл. ед. ч. библ. с в Деяния апостолов

punishable act — наказуемое деяние

specific act — конкретное действие, деяние

violent act — насильственное действие, деяние

U.S. Grain Standards Act — стандарт США на зерно

act in pais — акт, совершённый вне судебного заседания

10. n иск. фото акт, изображение обнажённой натуры

act of violence — акт насилия, насильственное действие

act of defence — акт обороны, оборонительное действие

ancillary act — дополнительный, вспомогательный акт

foreign assistance act — акт об иностранной помощи

grossly indecent act — акт грубой непристойности

11. v действовать, поступать; вести себя

to act immediately — действовать без промедления

to act wisely — вести себя умно

to act under provocation — действовать под влиянием гнева

to act in self-defence — действовать в порядке самозащиты

to act contrary to the rules — действовать против правил

act as the guarantor — действовать в качестве поручителя

to act without hindrance — действовать беспрепятственно

12. v действовать, принимать участие

a solicitor acts for his clients — адвокат представляет интересы своих клиентов

pass an act — принимать закон

to act together — действовать сообща

to act right — действовать справедливо

to act formally — действовать официально

to act decisively — действовать решительно

13. v действовать, работать

brakes refused to act — тормоза отказали

to act in loco parentis — действовать вместо родителей

to act blindfold — действовать вслепую или безрассудно

act as a guarantor — действовать в качестве поручителя

to act under compulsion — действовать по принуждению

to act under constraint — действовать по принуждению

14. v влиять, воздействовать

to act on the emotions — воздействовать на чувства

these pills act on the liver — эти таблетки действуют на печень

act upon — воздействовать на

15. v быть на высоте; соответствовать

export administration act — закон о контроле над экспортом

export control act — закон о контроле над экспортом

16. v работать, служить; действовать в качестве …

to act as interpreter — работать переводчиком

act as — выступать в качестве

act as agent — действовать в качестве агента

to act straightforwardly — действовать прямо

to act upon charge — действовать по поручению

to act as an intoxicant — действовать опьяняюще

17. v театр. исполнять, играть

18. v играться

19. v неодобр. прикидываться, притворяться

to act the fool — разыгрывать простачка

he acted very angry — он сделал вид, что страшно рассердился

to act interested — притвориться заинтересованным

Синонимический ряд:

1. action (noun) accomplishment; achievement; action; deed; doing; exploit; feat; step; thing; transaction

2. law (noun) award; bill; decree; document; edict; enactment; judgment; law; legislation; measure; order; statute; verdict; writ

3. performance (noun) impersonation; masquerade; performance; pose; pretence; routine; scene; sham; show; simulation; sketch; skit; stint; turn

4. assume (verb) affect; assume; bluff; counterfeit; fake; feign; imitate; pose; pose as; pretend; put on; sham

5. behave (verb) acquit; appear; bear; behave; carry; comport; comport oneself; conduct; deal; demean; deport; disport; do; execute; exert energy; go on; make; move; quit; react; seem; take; transact

6. discourse (verb) discourse; dramatize; personate; play; playact

7. dramatise (verb) dramatise; parody; present; rehearse; simulate

8. function (verb) function; go; officiate; operate; run; serve; work

9. give (verb) enact; give; perform; put on; stage

10. represent (verb) impersonate; portray; represent

Антонимический ряд:

cease; cessation; discontinue; give up; halt; hesitate; inactivity; indolence; quiescence; quiet; refrain; repose; rest

English-Russian base dictionary > act

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